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中国信科陈山枝：应将“5G兼容、6G融合”作为我国卫星互联网技术路径******

　　光明网讯（记者李政葳）1月6日，在由中国工信出版传媒集团主办，北京信通传媒·通信世界全媒体承办的“2023ICT行业趋势年会”上，中国信息通信科技集团副总经理、总工程师、科技委主任陈山枝表示，面向6G、星地融合并以用户为中心的弹性可定制网络将助力6G实现全域覆盖、场景智联。

　　无线移动通信系统十年演进一代，从4G改变生活，到5G改变社会，网络覆盖逐渐向行业应用延伸。“当前4G和5G等陆地移动通信系统在行业应用中有一定局限，面对行业应用的广域与空间覆盖稀疏性和分散性，卫星移动通信大有可为。”针对星地融合发展，陈山枝提出三大趋势：

　　一是卫星与地面蜂窝系统由竞争转变为互补。随着移动通信走向万物互联，人类活动空间拓展、环境监测、军事应用、行业应用等需求强盛，引入卫星通信能够更好地满足通信需求。借助卫星通信，城市与乡镇通过基站覆盖，发挥容量和规模成本优势，实现海量接入；偏远地区与海洋通过卫星覆盖，发挥覆盖优势，可以节省建设成本。因此，以较低成本构建卫星互联网，作为5G／6G地面覆盖的补充，形成星地融合组网，可支撑多样化的服务和应用。

　　二是卫星互联网与地面蜂窝系统体制走向融合。传统卫星通信技术体制多、不兼容、产业规模小、成本高，无规模经济优势。近年来，业界纷纷开展基于5G体制的卫星互联网星座组网探索，比如，ITU开展了下一代卫星通信相关研究；3GPP开展了NTN（非地面网络）标准制定；ETSI Set 5G联盟开展了融合网络研究工作等，有效规范了卫星互联网发展标准化，促进了卫星通信与蜂窝通信在体制上的融合。

　　三是不同需求有不同组网模式。针对不同应用场景，星地融合系统具有灵活的组网模式可以解决相应问题，适应不同场景需求。采用透明转发的独立组网模式与地面互联互通，可应用于技术复杂度低、建网成本低的场景，助力解决中继通讯的问题；采用高频段星上处理独立组网模式与地面网络互联互通，适合大容量高速数据传输，适用于车载、机载、船载或者固定接入通信。

　　“鉴于低轨卫星通信与地面蜂窝通信的差异，星地融合也面临诸多挑战。”陈山枝认为，星地融合还需要在信道建模、链路预算等基础问题，透明转发、星上处理等网络架构，传播参数、信道设计等物理层关键技术，移动性管理、用户面协议等高层关键技术等方面进行攻关。

　　对于星地融合未来的发展趋势，他认为，星地融合演进路径：从5G体制融合走向6G系统融合；6G星地融合关键技术：实现卫星与地面蜂窝通信有机融合。

　　陈山枝建议，应将“5G兼容、6G融合”作为我国卫星互联网的技术路径。

　　其中，5G兼容（体制融合）抢占先机、奠定基础，以5G技术为基础，根据卫星链路等差异化，针对性修改和优化的低轨卫星通信系统；最大程度复用5G技术，并利用5G规模经济，降低成本，实现差异化竞争优势。

　　6G融合（系统融合）达到全球引领，实现陆地移动通信和高中低轨卫星通信的有机融合；形成卫星与地面蜂窝通信的统一空口、统一接入、统一认证方案；支持终端在星地间无缝切换，跨运营商漫游。

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中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.